Topographic Anatomy

Preface

Topographic Anatomy is the division of Human Anatomy that stidies the human body by regions, with an emphasis on the spatial relations of different anatomical structures to one another (bones, muscles, vessels, nerves, internal organs, etc.). This approach has its basis in and is a valuable addition to Systematic Anatomy. The latter deals with the human structure system by system: locomotor, vascular, internal organs, central and peripheral nervous systems, etc. The combination of these two approaches – topographic and systematic – ensures a sound and comprehensive knowledge of human structure by medical professionals and creates a solid foundation for the further studyand practice of medicine.

The textbook “Topographic Anatomy” was written in 1980 by two leading Bulgarian anatomists - Prof. V. Vankov, MD, PhD, DSc, and Prof. K. Ichev MD, PhD, DSc. It covers the topographic anatomy of the human body in a very detailed and yet concise manner, strictly following the topographic principles. The book is illustrated by original drawings, created by Dr. S. Bakardjieva, MD, PhD, under the guidance of Prof. V. Vankov. Since then the book underwent many editions. During these decades, it has been greatly appreciated by the medical community and among the medical students, and has established itself as an essential component of anatomy education in Bulgarian medical universities.

With the ever-growing number of English-speaking medical and dental students in Bulgarian medical universities, the need for an English version of this textbook becamestrikingly clear. Despite the abundance of high quality Regional Anatomy books in English language, this book has no analogue according to our knowledge. We are, therefore, convinced that this group of students will greatly benefit from the English version of the original “Topographic Anatomy”, V. Vankov, K. Ichev. Moreover, in the recent years it has been edited and updated by Prof. L. Surchev, MD, DSci. and brought in accordance with the latest Anatomical Terminology. Several new illustrations were also added.

The present English language version of the textbook is prepared by Dr. M. Vankova, MD, PhD, with the assistance of Dr. K.L. Allen, PhD, and Dr. K. Dikranian, MD, PhD, from Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, USA. The textbook is intended for medical and dental university students as an essential part of their Human Anatomy education. It should be noted that a solid knowledge of systematic anatomy is needed in order to derive the greatest benefit from it.

Dr. M. Vankova, MD, PhD.


CONTENS:

Preface................................................................................................................................................7
Abbreviations: .................................................................................................................................8
UPPER LIMB................................................................................................................................9
Shoulder.............................................................................................................................................9
Regio deltoidea ......................................................................................................................... 10
Articulatio humeri ...................................................................................................................... 11
ARM ..................................................................................................................................................12
Regio brachii anterior................................................................................................................12
Regio brachii posterior..............................................................................................................14
Elbow ...............................................................................................................................................14
Regio cubitalis anterior.............................................................................................................14
Regio cubitalis posterior...........................................................................................................18
Articulatio cubiti ......................................................................................................................... 19
Antebrachium ................................................................................................................................20
Regio antebrachii anterior .......................................................................................................21
Regio antebrachii posterior......................................................................................................24
Hand .................................................................................................................................................25
Carpus...............................................................................................................................................25
Regio carpalis anterior..............................................................................................................25
Regio carpalis posterior ...........................................................................................................27
Articulationes carpi ...................................................................................................................28
Metacarpus .....................................................................................................................................30
Regio palmaris manus .............................................................................................................30
Regio dorsalis manus ..............................................................................................................35
Digiti manus ...................................................................................................................................35
Joints of the fingers ..................................................................................................................37
LOWER LIMB.............................................................................................................................38
Regio glutealis................................................................................................................................38
Hip joint (articulatio coxae) ......................................................................................................41
Thigh..................................................................................................................................................44
Regio femoris anterior ..............................................................................................................44
Regio femoris posterior ............................................................................................................51
Knee...................................................................................................................................................51
Regio genus anterior.................................................................................................................51
Regio genus posterior...............................................................................................................53
Articulatio genus ........................................................................................................................ 54
Leg .....................................................................................................................................................55
Regio cruris anterior..................................................................................................................56
Regio cruris posterior................................................................................................................59
Regio talocruralis anterior........................................................................................................61
Regio talocruralis posterior......................................................................................................61
Articulatio talocruralis................................................................................................................62
Foot....................................................................................................................................................62
Regio calcanea .......................................................................................................................... 63
Dorsum pedis ............................................................................................................................. 65
Planta pedis................................................................................................................................ 67
Digiti pedis .................................................................................................................................. 69
Articulationes pedis ...................................................................................................................69

Topographic Anatomy
HEAD...............................................................................................................................................71
Regio frontoparieto­occipitalis .................................................................................................71
Regio temporalis ....................................................................................................................... 74
Regio mastoidea ....................................................................................................................... 74
Regio auricularis ....................................................................................................................... 76
Kronlein’s linear scheme of cerebral topography ...............................................................77
Basis cranii ................................................................................................................................ 78
Regio infratemporalis ...............................................................................................................80
Fossa pterygopalatina .............................................................................................................82
Regio facialis ..................................................................................................................................82
Regio zygomatica ..................................................................................................................... 83
Regio infraorbitalis ....................................................................................................................84
Regio mentalis .......................................................................................................................... 85
Regio buccalis ........................................................................................................................... 86
Regio parotideomasseterica ...................................................................................................86
Regio orbitalis ........................................................................................................................... 87
Regio nasalis ............................................................................................................................. 92
Paranasal sinuses .................................................................................................................... 95
Regio oralis ................................................................................................................................ 98
NECK ............................................................................................................................................102
Fascias and fascial spaces of the neck ................................................................................103
Regio cervicalis anterior............................................................................................................106
Trigonum submandibulare......................................................................................................106
Trigonum submentale .............................................................................................................108
Trigonum caroticum.................................................................................................................109
Trigonum musculare................................................................................................................111
Regio sternocleidomastoidea..................................................................................................111
Regio cervicalis lateralis ...........................................................................................................114
Cervical viscera............................................................................................................................115
Thoracic Region...........................................................................................................118
Regio presternalis....................................................................................................................119
Regio infraclavicularis.............................................................................................................119
Regio mammaria ..................................................................................................................... 121
Regio inframammaria .............................................................................................................122
Regio pectoralis lateralis ........................................................................................................122
Regio axillaris........................................................................................................................... 123
Thoracic wall.................................................................................................................................126
Diaphragm .....................................................................................................................................129
Thoracic cavity.............................................................................................................................130
Mediastinum ............................................................................................................................. 130
Heart and Pericarium..............................................................................................................136
Lungs and pleurae...................................................................................................................138
Abdomen.................................................................................................................................141
Anterolateral abdominal wall ...................................................................................................142
Canalis inguinalis..................................................................................................................... 147
Abdominal cavity.........................................................................................................................151
Superior (supracolic) compartment of the abdominal cavity............................................151
Inferior (infracolic) compartment of the abdominal cavity ................................................161
Retroperitoneal space...............................................................................................................165
Pelvis.........................................................................................................................................168
Peritoneal pelvic compartment................................................................................................168
Subperitoneal pelvic compartment........................................................................................170
Spacial relationships of the pelvic viscera, vessels and nerves ....................................172
Subcutaneous pelvic compartment .......................................................................................175
Back ............................................................................................................................................178
Regio colli posterior ...................................................................................................................179
Regio vertebralis..........................................................................................................................181
Canalis vertebralis...................................................................................................................183
Regio sacralis...............................................................................................................................185
Regio infrascapularis .................................................................................................................187
Regio lumbalis..............................................................................................................................187